漢語的派生構詞法 | 誠品線上

漢語的派生構詞法

內容簡介

內容簡介 In the Chinese language, morphologically complex words have been attested since the remote past of the language, including both stem-modifying processes and agglutination of morphemes, mostly lexical and free in the classical language (see Baxter & Sagart 1998). Chinese word-formation has received much attention in the literature in recent times, but most descriptions and theoretical work on the topic are focussed on compounding (see e.g. Packard 1998, 2000, Lin 2001, Ceccagno & Basciano 2009a-b), and it is still a matter of debate whether compounding and derivation are two distinct phenomena in Modern Mandarin Chinese (see, among others, Pan, Ye & Han 2004). In this monograph we intend to analyse Chinese word formation patterns which may be candidate to derivational status, according to the definition of such process of word formation which we find in the morphological literature (as e.g. Beard 1998, Naumann & Vogel 2000, Olsen 2000): they are patterns such as X—學 ‘the study of X’ (心理學xinlixue ‘psychology’) or X—性 'the property of (being) X’( 重要性 zhongyaoxing ‘importance’). The characteristics of the morphemes around which those patterns are built which sets them close to derivational affixes are that they appear in a fixed position, seem to form new words productively and convey a different, “emptier” meaning than that of the corresponding lexical morph (see Ma 1995). The apparent phonological (and, needless to say, orthographical) identity between a “would-be affix” and its lexical counterpart (as, say, 學 used as a verb, ‘to study’) is not surprising, since grammaticalization without alteration in the sound shape of a morph is a characteristic feature of languages belonging to the East and South-East Asian area (Bisang 1996, 2004). Therefore, the notion of “affixoid”, coined to describe word formation elements in European languages which are bound but phonologically identical to a free form in the language (such as Dutch boer, meaning ‘farmer’ as a word and ‘dealer’ when used as a bound form), proves to be unnecessary for Chinese.

產品目錄

產品目錄 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………..……………………………………..V ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ VII LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................... X LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................. XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................ XII PREFACE .............................................................................................XIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE CHINESE LANGUAGE, DERIVATION AND GRAMMATICALIZATION THEORY ............. 1 1.1 ON THE SUBJECT OF OUR STUDY: MANDARIN CHINESE...................... 1 1.1.1 What is „Mandarin Chinese‟? ....................................................... 1 1.1.2 The Phonology of Standard Modern Mandarin ............................ 4 1.1.3 Aspects of Mandarin Morphology and Syntax ............................. 5 1.1.4 The Chinese Script ........................................................................ 9 1.2 DERIVATION IN WORD FORMATION ................................................... 10 1.2.1 Lexical Derivation ....................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Derivation and Compounding: Delimiting the Borders ............. 17 1.3 DERIVATION AND GRAMMATICALIZATION ......................................... 32 1.3.1 Lexical Derivation and Grammaticalization ............................... 34 1.3.1.1 The „Parameters of Grammaticalization‟ ........................... 39 1.3.1.2 Grammaticalization and „bleaching‟ .................................. 46 1.3.1.3 Grammaticalization and lexicalization ............................... 59 1.3.2 Grammaticalization in East and South-East Asian Languages .. 62 1.3.2.1 Comparing „Western‟ and „Eastern‟ grammaticalization phenomena .................................................................................... 69 1.3.2.1 Affixoids reconsidered ..................................................... 77 CHAPTER 2 PREVIOUS TREATMENTS OF LEXICAL DERIVATION IN CHINESE LINGUISTICS ..................................... 81 2.1 SOME KEY NOTIONS OF MORPHOLOGY IN CHINESE LINGUISTICS .... 81 2.1.1 The notion of „morpheme‟ and related issues ............................. 81 2.1.2 „Root‟ vs. „Affix‟, „Derivation‟ vs. „Compounding‟ .................. 89 2.2 LEXICAL DERIVATION IN CHINESE LINGUISTICS ................................ 96 2.2.1 Overview ...................................................................................... 96 2.2.2 Recent works.............................................................................. 101 2.2.3 Summary .................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 3 DERIVATION OR COMPOUNDING? THE MANDARIN CASE .............................................................................. 113 3.1 THE BOUNDARY BEYWEEN DERIVATION AND COMPOUNDING IN MODERN MANDARIN CHINESE ............................................................... 113 3.1.1 Methodological Issues ............................................................... 113 3.1.2 Our Sample ................................................................................ 114 3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE SAMPLE ................................................................ 117 3.2.1 Class Nouns in East and South-East Asian Languages ............ 117 3.2.1.1 Some Remarks on the Role of Japanese on the Development of Chinese Word Formation ........................................................ 124 3.2.1.2 Concluding Remarks on Class Nouns ............................... 136 3.2.2 Some „Newly-coined Affixes‟: on Analogy and Productivity . 142 3.2.3 „Chinese‟ vs.‟European‟ affixes? .............................................. 158 3.2.4 Between Morphology and Syntax: ‒者 –zhě and ‒式 ‒shì .... 167 3.2.5 Two models for prefixation ....................................................... 184 3.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................... 200 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION .............................................................. 203 4.1 LEXICAL DERIVATION IN GRAMMATICALIZATION THEORY ............ 203 4.2 „INNER‟ AND „OUTER‟ FORCES DRIVING THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE WORD FORMATION .................................................................................. 204 4.3 LEXICAL DERIVATION AS A CROSS-LINGUISTICALLY VALID CATEGORY ............................................................................................... 206 4.4 SUGGESTED AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ................................. 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................. 210 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 The parameters of grammaticalization (Lehmann 1995) ............ 39 Table 2.1 A classification of Chinese morphemes (Dong X. 2004) ............ 86 Table 2.2 A classification of Chinese morphemes (Packard 2000)............. 88 Table 2.3 Affixes and affixoids in Pan, Ye & Han (2004) ......................... 97 Table 3.1 Our sample ............................................................................... 116 Table 3.2 The evolution of syllable structure in the history of Chinese .... 125 Table 3.3 Complex nouns with 學 xué as the head in Masini (1993) and in NXCD (2005) ..................................................................... 134 Table 3.4 Sample of words containing 吧 bā as the right-hand constituent (from Arcodia 2011) ........................................................... 146 Table 3.5 Prefixes, prefixoids and related categories in nine sources (Xu & Cai 2007, Yang Y. 2007) .................................................... 186 Table 4.1 Inflection, derivation and compounding: salient formal and semantic features ................................................................. 206 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 The minimal syllable in Old Chinese (ca. 1000 BCE) and Middle Chinese (ca. 800 CE) ................................................ 127 Figure 3.2 Radial network for 吧 bā ..................................................... 151

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